A Neurotransmitter is defined as a chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, affects the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber, or some other structure.

ACETYLCHOLINE

Acetylcholine is one of the most commonly studied excitatory neurotransmitters. ACh is sometimes called the learning neurotransmitter because it plays a major role in memory formation, thought, and muscle control. It is also associated with attention and awakening. Damage to the acetylcholine-producing areas of the brain has been linked with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

DOPAMINE

Dopamine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in pleasurable sensations, reward pathways, and motivation. It is often called the reward chemical. Dopamine also helps to regulate movement and emotional response and is said to not only enable us to recognize rewards but to also take action to move towards them. Eventually, because dopamine is triggered by acts of short-term pleasure, too much leads to addiction. Oversupply of dopamine is linked to schizophrenia.

ADRENALINE

Adrenaline also referred to as epinephrine, is the excitatory neurotransmitter produced in stressful and uncertain situations. It prepares us for dangerous situations by increasing the heart rate and blood flow – leading to physical boost and heightened awareness – the fight or flight response. Adrenaline is also linked with arousal and memory retrieval. An undersupply can depress mood and cause ADHD-like attention problems.

SEROTONIN

Serotonin is the inhibitory neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, appetite, and muscle control. It also helps the sleep cycle and digestive system regulation as well as contributes to our well-being and happiness. Most antidepressants today mimic the effect of serotonin and some have the ability to raise serotonin levels. A surplus of serotonin is also linked to autism and impulsivity.

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid is the inhibitory neurotransmitter credited with the role of calming firing nerves in the central nervous system. This chemical has anti-seizure and anti-anxiety effects. GABA contributes to motor control and vision, and at high levels, improves focus. GABA receptors have also been found to be susceptible to alcohol which could lead to depression.

ENDORPHINS

Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters that act to increase positive emotions and feelings and pain perception and reduces discomfort. This chemical is released in response to pain and stress – alleviating some symptoms of anxiety and depression. It is directly related to the highly sought-after state of euphoria capable of masking pain. Endorphins are released during exercise, excitement, and sex.

GLUTAMate

Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter and is involved in learning and memory, especially long-term memory. This major excitatory neurotransmitter also regulates the development and creation of nerve contacts. An oversupply of glutamate can overstimulate the brain resulting in migraines or seizures.